
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
   \toprule
                                                    & \makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people}    & \makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people}\\     
\cmidrule(lr){2-2}  \cmidrule(lr){3-3}
                                                    & (1)                                       & (2)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-3}
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest    & 1.140$^{***}$                             & 0.125$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.239)                                   & (0.042)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast  & 2.021                                     & 0.392\\   
                                                    & (1.247)                                   & (0.281)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South      & 0.521$^{**}$                              & 0.025\\   
                                                    & (0.200)                                   & (0.016)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West       & 1.655$^{***}$                             & 0.144$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.513)                                   & (0.032)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest           & 3.197$^{***}$                             & 0.375$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.439)                                   & (0.088)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast         & 2.530$^{***}$                             & 0.586$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.485)                                   & (0.125)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ South             & 3.721                                     & 0.632$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (2.283)                                   & (0.233)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ West              & 5.092$^{***}$                             & 0.843$^{***}$\\   
                                                    & (0.127)                                   & (0.020)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-3}
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest    & 1.023$^{***}$                             & 0.115$^{***}$\\   
                                                              & (0.249)                                   & (0.041)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast  & 1.549$^{*}$                               & 0.343\\   
                                                              & (0.805)                                   & (0.212)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South      & 0.174                                     & -0.013\\   
                                                              & (0.159)                                   & (0.015)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West       & 0.801$^{***}$                             & 0.043$^{*}$\\   
                                                              & (0.258)                                   & (0.025)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest           & 2.335$^{**}$                              & 0.256$^{**}$\\   
                                                              & (0.892)                                   & (0.095)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast         & 1.863$^{***}$                             & 0.407$^{***}$\\   
                                                              & (0.308)                                   & (0.101)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ South             & 3.698                                     & 0.670$^{*}$\\   
                                                              & (3.025)                                   & (0.362)\\   
   Predicted population $\times$ Region $=$ West              & 7.058$^{***}$                             & 1.100$^{***}$\\   
                                                              & (0.471)                                   & (0.061)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{1}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-3}
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest             & 1.433$^{***}$                             & 0.161$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.310)                                   & (0.054)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast           & 2.882$^{*}$                               & 0.638\\   
                                                            & (1.434)                                   & (0.381)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ South               & 0.564$^{**}$                              & 0.017\\   
                                                            & (0.267)                                   & (0.019)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Region $=$ West                & 2.383$^{***}$                             & 0.207$^{**}$\\   
                                                            & (0.748)                                   & (0.085)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Midwest              & 2.719$^{***}$                             & 0.298$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.585)                                   & (0.090)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ Northeast            & 1.863$^{***}$                             & 0.407$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.295)                                   & (0.100)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ South                & 4.782$^{*}$                               & 0.799$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (2.558)                                   & (0.245)\\   
   Population $\times$ Region $=$ West                 & 4.496$^{***}$                             & 0.714$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.190)                                   & (0.022)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Surname diversity  & 473; 144; 159; 220                        & 473; 144; 159; 220\\  
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Population         & 311; 726; 94; 10035                       & 311; 726; 94; 10035\\  
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects                     & $\checkmark$                              & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects                     & $\checkmark$                              & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects                       & $\checkmark$                              & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                     & 19,482,024                                & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


